Recent years have seen a heightened focus on the study of minimal forms of awareness during sleep to advance the study of consciousness and understand what makes a state conscious. This focus draws on an increased interest in anecdotical descriptions made by classic Indian philosophical traditions about unusual forms of awareness during sleep. For instance, in the so-called state of witnessing-sleep or luminosity sleep, one is said to reach a state that goes beyond ordinary dreaming and abide in a state (...) of just awareness, a state in which one is not aware of anything else other than one’s own awareness. Moreover, for these traditions, this state is taken to be the essence or background of consciousness. Reports on such a state opens the door to exciting new lines of research in the study of consciousness, such as inquiry into the so-called “objectless” awareness during sleep—states of awareness that lack an ordinary object of awareness. In this two-staged research project, we attempted to find the phenomenological blueprints of such forms of awareness during sleep in 18 participants by conducting phenomenological interviews, informed by a novel tool in qualitative research, the micro-phenomenological interview (MPI) method. Following a phenomenological analysis, we isolated a similar phase across 12 reported experiences labelled as ‘nothingness phase’ since it described what participants took to be an experience of ‘nothingness’. his common phase was characterised by minimal sense of self—a bodiless self, yet experienced as being ‘somewhere’—, the presence of non-modal sensations, relatively pleasant emotions, an absence of visual experience, wide and unfocused attention, and an awareness of the state as it unfolded. (shrink)

This paper presents a pilot study that explores instances of objectless awareness during sleep: conscious experiences had during sleep that prima facie lack an object of awareness. This state of objectless awareness during sleep has been widely described by Indian contemplative traditions and has been characterised as a state of consciousness-as-such; while in it, there is nothing to be aware of, one is _merely_ conscious (cf. Evans-Wentz, 1960 ; Fremantle, 2001 ; Ponlop, 2006 ). While this phenomenon has received different (...) names in the literature, such as ‘witnessing-sleep’ and ‘clear light sleep’ among others, the specific phenomenological profile of this state has not yet been rigorously studied. This paper aims at presenting a preliminary investigation of objectless consciousness during sleep using a novel tool in qualitative research that can guide future research. Five participants experiencing objectless consciousness during sleep were interviewed following the _Micro-phenomenological Interview_ technique (MPI; Petitmengin, 2005, 2006 ). All participants reported an experience they had during sleep in which there was no scenery and no dream. This period labelled as ‘No Scenery/Void’ was either preceded by the dissolution of a lucid dream or by other forms of conscious mentation. The analysis of the results advances four experiential dimensions during this state of void, namely (1) Perception of absence, (2) Self-perception, (3) Perception of emotions, and (4) Perception of awareness. While the results are primarily explorative, they refer to themes found in the literature to describe objectless sleep and point at potential avenues of research. The results from this study are taken as indications to guide future operationalisations of this phenomenon. (shrink)

Recently, the construct ‘lucid dreamless sleep’ has been proposed to explain the state of ‘clear light’ described by Tibetan Buddhist traditions, a special state of consciousness during deep sleep in which we’re told to be able to recognise the nature or essence of our mind (Padmasambhava & Gyatrul 2008; Ponlop 2006; Wangyal 1998). To explain the sort of awareness experienced during this state, some authors have appealed to the sort of lucidity acquired during lucid dreaming and suggested a link between (...) both phenomena (Thompson 2014, 2015; Windt 2015a; Windt et al. 2016). Whilst these authors appeal to a non-conceptually mediated form of lucidity, which doesn’t consist of reflective awareness and propositional thought, the question as to whether the state of clear light should be considered a lucid state similar to lucid dreaming still arises. I argue that the concept ‘lucidity’ used to describe this sort of state is imprecise and that two theoretical notions of lucidity should be distinguished. The first one, which I call the technical notion, requires the recognition of the hallucinatory character of my current experience. The second, the broader notion, involves the seeming recognition of being directly acquainted with the phenomenal character of my experience. I spell out these two notions of lucidity and argue that only the latter could apply to the state of clear light sleep. (shrink)

Medellín has been a privileged subject in Colombian cinema. In films whose stories take place in Medellín and movies' plots that revolve around the production of Medellín’s space, themes like social exclusion and violence become representational elements associated to marginality and segregation, as well as to struggles over the control of the urban territory and its correlates expressed on female and male bodies. By drawing on emotional geography, this article examines these films to explain how Medellín is constructed visually and (...) discursively to elaborate stories based on segregation, exclusion along race and class, and the armed conflict that Colombia has experienced in its recent history, a conflict of which Medellín has been a battleground. Additionally, it becomes clear that social conflict in Medellín is a multi-scalar process. The ways in which political and social tensions have been experienced in the city—and their correlates in the production of urban spaces—are fundamentally shaped by the nature and structure of the urban territories where conflict materializes. In visual narratives, stories unfold at these multiple sites of urban conflict. These topics are representations built on dichotomies like inclusion/exclusion, center/periphery, and masculine/feminine, depicting Medellín as an ill city, an urban collection of geographies that suffer from an illness of which drug trafficking is its main cause and violence its main symptom. (shrink)

The purpose of the following investigation is to understand how children from the old historic district El Refugio (or Barrio del Refugio) of the city of Puebla (Mexico) live in public spaces and what their days and nights look like. It is extremely important to understand the reasons for their appropriation of various places in the city because it allows one to explore the conditions in which they manifest autonomous attitudes. This article is therefore not only about customs and culture, (...) but also about everyday relationships with the environment. Children are also involved in the activities of the group Re Genera Espacio (RGE) and the team of Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) in the development of all kinds of educational, artistic, and social activities. Among the most important results obtained is the observation that safety conditions are created by children in independent groups which move to other neighbourhoods (“barrios”), such as San Antonio and Santa Anita. Children make the street their space because they have important knowledge of the area. (shrink)

Since its origin, the city of Puebla has had representative elements in its public spaces that have survived for a long time, they are ornamental and utilitarian objects which are landmarks of the city. Street furniture is a benchmark of identity too. All elements have legends, they are references that have given identity to streets and avenues. Natural elements also refer to a city’s identity, like trees. But the natural element that defined origin, trace and growth of the city is (...) one of the least visible. In the sixties, the San Francisco River was piped, as a sign of the new modernity, and today it is a boulevard where thousands of cars pass. Thus, bridges and other types of elements that the population still remember, mainly the elderly, have been forgotten. In recent years, some initiatives have emerged to rescue the historical memory of daily life and the revaluation of repre­sentative objects of the city center, such as the Casa Analco Community Museum project, coordinated by the Faculty of Architecture of BUAP in collaboration with residents of the Analco neighborhood. This article discusses both the monuments, their relics, elements of nature that shape the city's identity, as well as the gradual loss of these symbols. (shrink)

The city of Puebla was put on the UNESCO list of Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 1987; its history dates back to the sixteenth century allowing for the preservation of various important buildings, such as churches with baroque and neoclassical facades, buildings from the period known as Novo Hispanics, when some of its historic neighbourhoods were founded, including the Barrio el Refugio, hereinafter referred to as BR, where indigenous people employed in the lime manufacture used to live. Since those times, (...) however, the neighbourhood has become a place with bad reputation, “a den of thieves”. The traditional, religious commemoration, the “Fiesta Patronal de la Virgen del Refugio,” is the most important celebration in the neighbourhood. In the Church of La Virgen del Refugio, built in the seventeenth century after an inhabitant painted a mural with the image of the virgin, the “mañanitas” are sung with the Mariachi. During the patronal feast, the “El Refugio Cultural Festival” is held with more than a hundred artists taking part and creating about a thousand murals according to the organiser’s estimation. This happens in the city where a project “Puebla Ciudad Mural” was started, as an initiative of the “Colectivo Tomate,” which sought to regenerate the neighbourhood through art, in alliance with the government and private companies. However, these policies are more tourist oriented rather than benefit the neighbourhood. For this reason, the graffiti movement “Festival Cultural el Refugio” is becoming a meeting point for urban artists from Mexico and Puebla, accustomed to taking up public or private space, as they demand space where they can live and express themselves. For ten years the festival has realised more than one thousand pieces of urban art, including Wild Style graffiti, bombs, stickers, stencil, and murals. All this is done under the patronage of the artists themselves, as three hundred of them come from all over the country to take part in every edition of the festival that does not receive any government support or other form of sponsorship. (shrink)

BackgroundInformed consent is a key element of ethical clinical research. Addicted population may be at risk for impaired consent capacity. However, very little research has focused on their comprehension of consent forms. The aim of this study is to assess the capacity of addicted individuals to provide consent to research.Methods53 subjects with DSM-5 diagnoses of a Substance Use Disorder and 50 non psychiatric comparison subjects participated in the survey from December 2014 to March 2015. This cross-sectional study was carried out (...) at a community-based Outpatient Treatment Center and at an urban-located Health Centre in Spain. A binary judgment of capacity/incapacity was made guided by the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research and a clinical interview. Demographics and clinical characteristics were assessed by cases notes and the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Global Assessment Functional Scale and the Clinical Global Impression Scale.ResultsNPCs performed the best on the MacCAT–CR, and patients with SUD had the worst performance, particularly on the Understanding and Appreciation subscales. 32.7 % SUD people lacked research-related decisional capacity. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in terms of capacity to consent to research.ConclusionsThe findings of our study provide evidence that a large proportion of individuals with SUD had decisional capacity for consent to research. It is therefore inappropriate to draw conclusions about capacity to make research decisions on the basis of a SUD diagnosis. In the absence of advanced cognitive impairment, acute withdrawal or intoxication, we should assume that addicted persons possess decision-making capacity. Thus, the view that people with SUD would ipso facto lose decision-making power for research consent is flawed and stigmatizing. (shrink)

Recently, the construct ‘lucid dreamless sleep’ has been proposed to explain the state of ‘clear light’ described by Tibetan Buddhist traditions, a special state of consciousness during deep sleep in which we’re told to be able to recognise the nature or essence of our mind (Padmasambhava & Gyatrul, 2008; Ponlop, 2006; Wangyal, 1998). To explain the sort of awareness experienced during this state, some authors have appealed to the sort of lucidity acquired during lucid dreaming and suggested a link between (...) both phenomena (Thompson, 2014, 2015; Windt, 2015a; Windt et al., 2016). Whilst these authors appeal to a non-conceptually mediated form of lucidity, which doesn’t consist of reflective awareness and propositional thought, the question as to whether the state of clear light should be considered a lucid state similar to lucid dreaming still arises. I argue that the concept ‘lucidity’ used to describe this sort of state is imprecise and that two theoretical notions of lucidity should be distinguished. The first one, which I call the technical notion, requires the recognition of the hallucinatory character of my current experience. The second, the broader notion, involves the seeming recognition of being directly acquainted with the phenomenal character of my experience. I spell out these two notions of lucidity and argue that only the latter could apply to the state of clear light sleep. (shrink)

This paper presents a pilot study that explores instances of objectless awareness during sleep: conscious experiences had during sleep that prima facie lack an object of awareness. This state of objectless awareness during sleep has been widely described by Indian contemplative traditions and has been characterised as a state of consciousness-as-such; while in it, there is nothing to be aware of, one is merely conscious (cf. Evans-Wentz, 1960; Fremantle, 2001; Ponlop, 2006). While this phenomenon has received diferent names in the (...) literature, such as ‘witnessing-sleep’ and ‘clear light sleep’ among others, the specifc phenomenological profle of this state has not yet been rigorously studied. This paper aims at presenting a preliminary investigation of objectless consciousness during sleep using a novel tool in qualitative research that can guide future research. Five participants experiencing objectless consciousness during sleep were interviewed following the Micro-phenomenological Interview technique (MPI; Petitmengin, 2005, 2006). All participants reported an experience they had during sleep in which there was no scenery and no dream. This period labelled as ‘No Scenery/Void’ was either preceded by the dissolution of a lucid dream or by other forms of conscious mentation. The analysis of the results advances four experiential dimensions during this state of void, namely (1) Perception of absence, (2) Self-perception, (3) Perception of emotions, and (4) Perception of awareness. While the results are primarily explorative, they refer to themes found in the literature to describe objectless sleep and point at potential avenues of research. The results from this study are taken as indications to guide future operationalisations of this phenomenon. (shrink)

La cuestión del significado de la entonación, ya sea como fenómeno de la lengua o del discurso, ha sido uno de los aspectos más debatidos en las últimas décadas. Este trabajo se propone estudiar el valor comunicativo de los patrones de entonación del español de Cuba con un enfoque basado en la Teoría de la Complejidad; lo cual permite interpretar las dimensiones ilocutiva y modal de los actos de habla interaccionales a partir de la confluencia de la prosodia con el (...) resto de los medios de expresión de la lengua y los factores contextuales. Se parte del análisis empírico de una muestra de enunciados/actos de habla del discurso académico oral, al cual se aplican métodos perceptivos, acústicos y semántico-pragmáticos, partiendo de la relación sistema-discurso como principio teórico-metodológico. El estudio realizado demuestra el empleo de 6 tipos diferentes de patrones de entonación, codificados en el español de Cuba, que mantienen cierta estabilidad en sus rasgos prosódicos fundamentales, aunque evidencian una variabilidad en sus funciones semántico-pragmáticas. (shrink)

This volume offers novel and provocative insights into vulnerability and exclusion, two concepts crucial for the understanding of contemporary political agency. In twelve critical essays, the contributors explore the dense theoretical content, complex histories and conceptual intersection of vulnerability and exclusion. A rich array of topics are covered as the volume searches for the ways that vulnerable and excluded groups relate to each other, where the boundary between the excluded and the included arises, and what the stakes of ‘invulnerability’ might (...) be. Drawing on the works of Hegel, Helmuth Plessner and Hannah Arendt to situate the project in a solid historical context, the volume likewise tackles pressing and contemporary issues such as the state of human capital under neoliberalism, the flawed nature of democracy itself, and the vulnerability inherent in extreme precarity, extreme violence, and interdependence. The contributions come from philosophers with a range of backgrounds in social philosophy and critical social sciences, who use related conceptual tools to tackle the political challenges of the 21st century. Together, they present a ground-breaking overview of the main challenges which social exclusion presents to contemporary global societies. (shrink)

La investigación propone un diseño metodológico de una escala que permite conocer el grado de satisfacción laboral en Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (Pymes). Se basa en la teoría de higiene y motivación de Herzberg. Se integra por 15 ítems. La claridad y pertinencia de los ítems se validó con cinco expertos. Para su validez y confiabilidad se obtuvo una adecuación maestral KMO de.863. Se encontró que los resultados son significativos (X2 = 441.790, gl = 105, p =.000). El alfa de (...) Cronbach fue igual a.906. El ejercicio de prueba se realiza en Pymes de Tuxpan Veracruz, México. (shrink)

Blanca Rodríguez López, Nuria Sánchez Madrid and Adriana Zaharijević, 2021, Rethinking Vulnerability and Exclusion. Historical and Critical Essays, Palgrave Macmillan, 232 pp.

Informed consent is a key condition for prenatal screening programmes to reach their aim of promoting reproductive autonomy. Reaching this aim is currently being challenged with the introduction of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in first-trimester prenatal screening programmes: amongst others its procedural ease—it only requires a blood draw and reaches high levels of reliability—might hinder women’s understanding that they should make a personal, informed decision about screening. We offer arguments for a renewed recognition and use of informed consent compared to (...) informed choice, and for a focus on value-consistent choices and personalized informational preferences. We argue for a three-step counselling model in which three decision moments are distinguished and differently addressed: (1) professionals explore women’s values concerning whether and why they wish to know whether their baby has a genetic disorder; (2) women receive layered medical-technical information and are asked to make a decision about screening; (3) during post-test counselling, women are supported in decision-making about the continuation or termination of their pregnancy. This model might also be applicable in other fields of genetic (pre-test) counselling, where techniques for expanding genome analysis and burdensome test-outcomes challenge counselling of patients. (shrink)

Informed consent is a key condition for prenatal screening programmes to reach their aim of promoting reproductive autonomy. Reaching this aim is currently being challenged with the introduction of non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in first‐trimester prenatal screening programmes: amongst others its procedural ease—it only requires a blood draw and reaches high levels of reliability—might hinder women’s understanding that they should make a personal, informed decision about screening. We offer arguments for a renewed recognition and use of informed consent compared to (...) informed choice, and for a focus on value‐consistent choices and personalized informational preferences. We argue for a three‐step counselling model in which three decision moments are distinguished and differently addressed: (1) professionals explore women’s values concerning whether and why they wish to know whether their baby has a genetic disorder; (2) women receive layered medical‐technical information and are asked to make a decision about screening; (3) during post‐test counselling, women are supported in decision‐making about the continuation or termination of their pregnancy. This model might also be applicable in other fields of genetic (pre‐test) counselling, where techniques for expanding genome analysis and burdensome test‐outcomes challenge counselling of patients. (shrink)

Brazil is among the approximately 100 countries that recognize a constitutional right to health that includes access to medicines. All over Brazil, patients are turning to courts to access prescribed medicines. Although lawsuits secure access for thousands of people, at least temporarily, this judicialization of the right to health generates intensely complex sociomedical realities and significant administrative and fiscal challenges that, officials argue, have the potential to widen inequalities in health-care delivery. In this article, we explore how right-to-health litigation became (...) an alternative pathway for Brazilians to access health care, now understood as access to medicines that are either on government lists for pharmaceutical distribution or are only available through the market. Is the judicial system an effective venue to implement socioeconomic rights? Which practices of citizenship and governance are crystallized in these struggles over drug access and administrative accountability? (shrink)

The present study aims at analyzing the role of nativeness, the amount of input in L1 acquisition and the multilingual competence in the performance of Italian-German bilingual speakers. We compare novel data from the performance of adult L2 learners (L1: Italian; late L2: German) and that of heritage speakers (heritage language: Italian; majority language: German) to previous data from monolingual speakers of Italian. The comparison deals with the produced word order at the syntax-discourse interface in sentences containing New Information Subjects (...) in answers to questions that prompt the identification of the clausal subject. Overall, adult L2 speakers and heritage speakers perform alike but crucially differently from Italian monolinguals. These data reveal that multilingual proficiency determines an increased variety in the adopted answering strategies; in particular, the German-like strategy is active in Italian. Nativeness alone is thus no guarantee for a homogeneous performance across groups, nor do we find similar patterns of performance in speakers who grew up as monolinguals. Data also show heritage speakers’ sensitivity to verb classes, with answering strategies varying in accordance with the verb argument structure. Participants’ productions reveal an interesting relation in sentences with transitive verbs between subject position (pre-/postverbal) and object form (lexical DP/clitic pronoun). (shrink)

A lo largo de la historia, la filosofía ha situado gran parte del foco de su quehacer en el constructo intelectual de sistemas de pensamiento que profundizaran en el análisis del mundo. Si embargo, existe una tendencia marginal, dentro de la tradición filosófica, que apuesta por acercarse a la filosofía como una disciplina práctica. En este artículo trataremos de focalizar la investigación en dos pensadores, separados por más de dos mil años, que apostaron por situar la praxis en el epicentro (...) de la filosofía: Pirrón de Élide y Matthew Lipman. El primero dio lugar a un escepticismo donde la ejemplaridad del acto configuraba la doctrina. El segundo, Matthew Lipman, diseñó una metodología de filosofía para niños que ensalza la praxis comunitaria como eje desde el que fundamentar el aprendizaje de la filosofía. Cada uno, desde diferentes planos, el individual por parte de Pirrón y el colectivo en el caso de Lipman, han sido esenciales para poner el valor el sentido práctico de la filosofía. Palabras clave: Práctica; Praxis; Filosofía; Lipman; Pirrón. (shrink)

O artigo busca refletir sobre a trajetória de mulheres feministas na cidade de Pelotas – RS, a partir de suas narrativas que, de certa forma, foram precursoras, visibilizando suas experiências no ativismo político. Entendemos que todo movimento social atua na formação humana, portanto, é um ato educativo. Utilizamos o referencial feminista descolonial, como perspectiva vinculada à resistência do sistema capitalista mundial-globalizado. Buscamos nossas bases teóricas especialmente nas autoras Heleieth Saffioti, Ochy Curiel, Marcela Lagarde y de los Ríos, Patricia Hill Collins (...) e bell hooks, para discutir sobre a condição histórica das mulheres, em relação à classe social, ao gênero, à raça, à divisão sexual do trabalho e ao empoderamento social. A metodologia utilizada é de cunho qualitativo e, como fonte de dados, se compõe de narrativas biográficas. O conjunto de narrativas que apresentamos nesta escrita foi constituído por entrevistas narrativas individuais, com quatro mulheres que militaram politicamente nos anos 1980 e que, atualmente, têm mais de 60 anos de idade. Essas mulheres participaram de espaços institucionalizados de militância, como o Conselho Municipal da Mulher, o Grupo Autônomo de Mulheres Pelotas, União Brasileira de Mulheres ou sindicatos. Em recente pesquisa sobre trabalho na cidade de Pelotas, foi constatada uma grande situação de vulnerabilidade no trabalho, onde totalizaram mais de 62 mil pessoas em trabalho precário ou informal. Nesse contexto, as dificuldades de uma cidade socialmente desigual levam à criação de grupos de enfrentamento, e é nesse espaço social que as mulheres deste estudo atuam. No procedimento de análise destacam-se as categorias interseccionalidade, divisão sexual do trabalho e empoderamento social. Como resultados, ressaltamos a importância das epistemologias feministas descoloniais para aprender e conhecer a história de mulheres que colaboraram na construção do movimento feminista em prol dos direitos das mulheres. Também destacamos o empoderamento social das colaboradoras da pesquisa, pois são mulheres que se relacionam cotidianamente com a cidade, trabalham, dialogam com outras mulheres em situação de vulnerabilidade e têm consciência crítica que, através da Educação transformadora e feminista, possam colaborar para uma equidade de gênero. (shrink)

Los monólogos interiores en “Escuchad la Voz” de Franz Werfel constituyen verdaderos momentos de introspección y reflexión profundas del protagonista, mensajero de la salvación para la humanidad. El monólogo es un elemento de comunicación directo de Jeeves, el personaje principal, con el lector, a la manera de un intercambio oral transmitido al interlocutor. La encarnación del mesiánico Jeremías en un personaje contemporáneo trae consigo el poder de la redención, ya que aunque el héroe trágico debe morir, nos entrega la vida (...) a cambio para restaurar el orden. Nadie duda de la grandeza de Werfel, quien se diferencia de otros autores por comprender al ser humano desde lo profundo de su corazón. El texto que Werfel recrea advierte que “las cuestiones profundamente humanas son perennes y requieren, para su inteligencia y recreación, de fuentes igualmente perennes”. En “Escuchad la Voz” el soliloquio se constituye en una leve y sutil trama básica sobre la que se desarrollan las imágenes e ideas de la vida espiritual, y a partir de allí, el lector puede percibir claramente lo que atraviesa por la mente de Jeeves. (shrink)

Se realiza un seguimiento comparativo de un recurso estilístico prestigioso –la metáfora—y se estudia el extraño despliegue de búsqueda, conocimiento y descenso en la condición humana que Joseph Conrad, en “Heart of Darkness”, y Eustasio Rivera, en “La Vorágine”, llevan adelante desde la complejidad de dos viajes que tienen lugar en geografías diversas si bien análogas en el exotismo devorador de la selva y sus habitantes, y en su inesperada, extraña fascinación.

The hereby introduction gives an insight into the topics and themes discussed in the hereby presented issue of the journal Ethics in Progress, devoted to the topic of transhumanism in its numerous contexts.

Dopamine is critically important in the neural manifestation of motivated behavior, and alterations in the human dopaminergic system have been implicated in the etiology of motivation-related psychiatric disorders, most prominently addiction. Patients with chronic addiction exhibit reduced dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) availability in the striatum, and the DRD2 TaqIA (rs1800497) and C957T (rs6277) genetic polymorphisms have previously been linked to individual differences in striatal dopamine metabolism and clinical risk for alcohol and nicotine dependence. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the (...) variants of these polymorphisms would show increased reward-related memory formation, which has previously been shown to jointly engage the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and the hippocampus, as a potential intermediate phenotype for addiction memory. To this end, we performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 62 young, healthy individuals genotyped for DRD2 TaqIA and C957T variants. Participants performed an incentive delay task, followed by a recognition memory task 24 h later. We observed effects of both genotypes on the overall recognition performance with carriers of low-expressing variants, namely TaqIA A1 carriers and C957T C homozygotes, showing better performance than the other genotype groups. In addition to the better memory performance, C957T C homozygotes also exhibited a response bias for cues predicting monetary reward. At the neural level, the C957T polymorphism was associated with a genotype-related modulation of right hippocampal and striatal fMRI responses predictive of subsequent recognition confidence for reward-predicting items. Our results indicate that genetic variations associated with DRD2 expression affect explicit memory, specifically for rewarded stimuli. We suggest that the relatively better memory for rewarded stimuli in carriers of low-expressing DRD2 variants may reflect an intermediate phenotype of addiction memory. (shrink)

El denominado “problema de los términos teóricos” que inicialmente formuló Sneed surge de la interpretación que de los términos teóricos hace la concepción heredada. Esta lectura no se condice con la interpretación indirecta de los términos teóricos que Carnap realiza al utilizar postulados. Estos textos proponen una interpretación holística de las teorías científicas, sólo adecuadamente tratada en una semántica de mundos posibles. Andreas proporciona un tratamiento modal de los términos teóricos; nosotros presentamos estos resultados en términos de modelos de Kripke; (...) luego los extendemos con el fin de que sean capaces de distinguir entre axiomas y oraciones teóricas, generando un modelo capaz de tratarlos de manera diferenciada y que aporte nuevos resultados lógicos y filosóficos. (shrink)

The original article was published without open access and with the copyright notice indicating © Springer Nature B.V. The article is now open access with the copyright residing with the authors.

A cultura clássica em suas múltiplas representações, independente do viés temporal a que está vinculada, nos proporciona um rememorar e um aprendizado que é lapidado a cada novo olhar. Esse artigo tem como objetivo, a partir de uma reflexão sobre a personagem Antinoo, repensar a importância das artes, em especial a confecção de esculturas, como representação da realidade.

Partiendo del presupuesto que el lenguaje humano es forma y/o lugar de acción e interacción con el mundo y los otros, entendemos los procesos de lectura,interpretación y escritura como acciones cognitivo-sociales formadoras del sujeto del conocimiento. De ese modo, nos gustaría reflejar sobre los modos de leer y los modos de escribir practicados y enseñados durante la vida académica. Basados en nuestra experiencia docente, en un corpus de pesquisa en marcha en la UESB-Jequié, y en los enfoques teóricos adoptadas (Ingedore (...) Koch, Gustavo Bernardo, Mary Kato) este trabajo busca indagar la docentes y discentes cuáles los principales beneficios que la lectura y la producción de texto pueden proporcionar. (shrink)

O presente texto tem por objetivo examinar as relações existentes entre a crítica às idéias abstratas, apresentada por Berkeley na “Introdução” ao Tratado sobre os princípios do entendimento humano, e a argumentação desenvolvida nos primeiros parágrafos da Parte I do mesmo texto, em que o autor propõe seu imaterialismo. A hipótese levantada a partir de tal exame defende uma relação direta entre o nominalismo de Berkeley e o caráter inaceitável, para o autor, da distinção entre o ser e o aparecer (...) da matéria postulada pelas teorias da representação. Critique of abstration and representation in Berkeley’s immaterialismThe objective of this essay is to examine the relations that exist between the critique of abstract ideas, presented by Berkeley in the “Introduction” to the A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge and the arguments developed in the first paragraphs of its Part I, in which Berkeley proposes his immaterialism. The hypothesis advanced, based on our analysis, is that there is a direct relation between Berkeley’s nominalism and the unacceptable character, according to Berkeley, of the distinction between the appearance and the matter postulated by the theories of representation. (shrink)

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão sobre o processo de constituição da disciplina "Estudos Latino- Americanos" - que compõe a grade curricular da Educação Básica do Colégio de Aplicação da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - a fim de compreender como a mesma, em sendo objeto da cultura escolar, pode contribuir para a formação inicial dos graduandos do curso de História da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, no sentido de estimular a formação de uma consciência histórica e (...) cidadã. Na realização deste trabalho, analisamos o documento oficial que propôs a inclusão da disciplina ELA, na grade curricular do colégio, como também as considerações finais de seis relatórios de estágio-docência, realizados pelos alunos da sétima fase do curso de Graduação em História, nos anos de 2004, 2007 e 2008. Este trabalho concluiu sinalizando que essa disciplina tem contribuído para o desenvolvimento de uma consciência histórica e cidadã, na medida em que tem levado os estagiários docentes ao questionamento sobre seu desconhecimento da América Latina, sobre sua falta de familiaridade com a mesma, sobre suas dificuldades na elaboração e no desenvolvimento dos conteúdos a serem expostos na sala de aula e sobre a visão estereotipada do continente americano. (shrink)

Ao discutirmos acerca da educação integral, temos que nos referenciar na escola unitária, idealizada por Antonio Gramsci, por ele acreditar no poder da escola formando todas as pessoas para serem dirigentes numa nova sociedade e no Manifesto de 1932. Dentre as principais conclusões, pode-se afirmar que aextensão da jornada discente não pode ser apenas uma questão de ampliação de tempo, mas de uma organização escolar que contemple e qualifique as atividades obrigatórias e as atividades de livre escolha do aluno.When arguing (...) concerning the integral education, we have that in reference them in the unitary school, idealized for Antonio Gramsci, for it to believe the power of the school forming all the people to be leading in a new society and the Manifesto of 1932. Among the main conclusions, we can state that the students’ period length can not be only a time enlargement, but a period to qualify the compulsory activities and the students’ free choice activities. (shrink)

: Frege's philosophical writings, including the "logistic project," acquire a new insight by being confronted with Kant's criticism and Wittgenstein's logical and grammatical investigations. Between these two points a non-formalist history of logic is just taking shape, a history emphasizing the Greek and Kantian inheritance and its aftermath. It allows us to understand the radical change in rationality introduced by Gottlob Frege's syntax. This syntax put an end to Greek categorization and opened the way to the multiplicity of expressions producing (...) their own intelligibility. This article is based on more technical analyses of Frege which Claude Imbert has previously offered in other writings (see references). (shrink)

This book presents a multi-faceted reconsideration of dominant approaches to violence and social critique. Its unifying thread is a dedication to overcoming violence and domination on a scale larger than individual micro-resistances, even as many contributors reject programmatic thought and “self-possessed” political action.

In this paper it will be shown that a substantial conception of semantics, one that does not regard semantic phenomena as subsumed under pragmatic ones, is necessary to account for what cries out for an explanation regarding the old problem of the semantic relevance of the referential/attributive distinction, as applied to singular definite descriptions. I consider some alternative proposals to deal with the data, showing why they are wrong, and I finish by establishing that some arguments that allegedly derive the (...) conclusion that some substantial conception of semantics is basically wrong, simply beg the question against their opponents, assuming a form of the very conclusion they want to vindicate. (shrink)

Eloy Bueno, actual decano y catedrático de la Facultad de Teología de Burgos, ha dedicado varios trabajos al estudio de algunos filósofos actuales. En ellos expone la sensibilidad del pensamiento filosófico español que va desde una conciencia trágica a una dionisíaca. Con diversos planteamientos Javier Sádaba, Fernando Savater, Eugenio Trías, entre otros, consideran la importancia de tres conceptos: el de limite, el de tragedia y el de lo sagrado como núcleo de su reflexión. Aunque estos filósofos argumentan de manera distinta, (...) Eloy Bueno observa que la sensibilidad de nuestro tiempo se centra en un lenguaje restrictivo a los hechos empíricos y en una consciencia trágica porque ante los grandes problemas humanos no se propone una respuesta. (shrink)